Hello Guys, I am Rex. Welcome to my blog page [ Science Time with Albert Rex ], where science meets wonder and curiosity. This blog page helps the Common people to understand the simple concepts of science. At my blog [Science Time with Albert Rex], I believe that “science is not just a subject — it's a way of thinking”. Join us on an exhilarating journey through the realms of scientific exploration and discoveries. Unleash your inner scientist and embark on a curious voyage with my blog page.
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Tuesday, June 25, 2024
How are Tides Formed?
Saturday, June 22, 2024
The Toughest Predators Ever: Tyrannosaurus Rex.
Tyrannosaurus Rex was one of the most ferocious creature to ever roam the Earth. With a gigantic body, keen teeth, and jaws powerful enough to smash a vehicle, this renowned carnivore controlled the forested river valleys of western North America during the late Cretaceous period, 68 million years ago.
T. Rex is a well-known Tyrannosaur, yet our understanding of him is continually changing. Improved technologies, including as biomechanical modelling and x-ray imaging, have helped scientists obtain a better understand of how this apex predator lived.
Tyrannosaurus rex, which means "King of the Tyrant Lizards," was designed to take control. This dinosaur's massive body covered up to 40 feet—roughly the length of a school bus—from its nose to the tip of its powerful tail. T. rex, weighing up to eight tonnes, raised headfirst across its territory with two powerful legs. These dinosaurs most likely hunted living animals and collected cadavers, and they occasionally ate one another.
Tyrannosaurus Rex. |
Friday, June 21, 2024
The Photoelectric Effect.
A process known as the photoelectric effect occurs when a substance, usually a metal, absorbs enough light to cause electrons to be expelled from its surface. This phenomenon made a fundamental contribution to the advancement of contemporary physics and offered vital data in support of the quantum theory of light.
Scientific Principles:
Photon Concept:
- Light consists of particles called photons, each carrying a discrete amount of energy determined by its frequency (E=hv), where "h" is Planck's constant and "v" is the frequency of the light.
Energy Threshold:
- For electrons to be ejected from a material, the energy of the incident photons must exceed a certain minimum value known as the work function (ϕ) of the material.
Electron Emission:
- When a photon hits the material, its energy is transferred to an electron. If the energy is greater than the work function, the electron is emitted from the surface with kinetic energy given by Ek=hv−ϕ.
Intensity Independence:
- The number of ejected electrons depends on the intensity of the light, but the energy of the ejected electrons depends only on the frequency of the incident light.
Historical Development
Heinrich Hertz (1887):
Wilhelm Hallwachs (1888):
J.J Thomson (1899):
Albert Einstein (1905):
Robert Millikan (1916):
Impacts:
Quantum Theory of Light
Useful Applications:
Monday, June 17, 2024
Nicolaus Copernicus's: Revolutionary the Mind.
Copernicus. |
Helio-Centric Model. |
"To know that we know what we Know, and to know that we do not know what we do not know, Chat is true knowledge." -N. Copernicus.
Thursday, March 28, 2024
The mysteries behind the extinction of dinosaurs: A voyage through time.
Introduction: The Jurassic World:
The Rise and Fall of the Dinosaurs:
Theories of Extinction:
Asteroid Impact:
Volcanic Activity:
Tyrannosaurus rex (T. rex) went extinct around 65 million years ago. |
Curious Archaeological Finds:
Chicxulub Crater:
Fossil Record:
Geochemical study:
Conclusion: Solving the Mystery:
“All the explanations proposed seem to be only partly satisfactory. They range from massive climatic change to mammalian predation to the extinction of a plant with apparent laxative properties, in which case the dinosaurs died of constipation.” ---CARL SAGAN.
Thursday, December 21, 2023
Particle Nature of light: Einstein's Explanation.
Particle Nature of light: Einstein's Explanation.
He also proposed that a quantum of light has linear momentum and the magnitude of that linear momentum is p=h/c. The individual light quantum of definite energy and momentum can be associated with a particle. can behave as a particle and this is called photon. Therefore, photon is nothing but particle manifestation of light.
Light is made up of particles called Photons. |
Characteristics of photons:
According to particle nature of light, photons are the basic constituents of any radiation and possess the following characteristic properties:
i) The photons of light of frequency v and wavelength & will have energy, given by E=hv= hc/λ
ii) The energy of a photon is determined by the frequency of the radiation and not by its intensity and the intensity has no relation with the energy of the individual photons in the beam.
iii) The photons travel with the speed of light and its momentum is given by hhv P=h/λ =hv/c
iv) Since photons are electrically neutral, they are unaffected by electric and magnetic fields.
v) When a photon interacts with matter (photon-electron collision), the total energy, total linear momentum and angular momentum are conserved. Since photon may be absorbed or a new photon may be produced in such interactions, the number of photons may not be conserved.
“Matter is Energy… Energy is Light…We are all Light Beings” —Albert Einstein.
Tuesday, December 5, 2023
Napoléon Bonaparte: Un voyage de victoire et de poursuite.
Les exploits extraordinaires et l'ascension rapide au pouvoir du grand homme politique et tacticien militaire Napoléon Bonaparte ont laissé une impression durable dans l'histoire. Napoléon, né en Corse le 15 août 1769, est sorti d'une relative obscurité pour devenir l'un des personnages les plus marquants de l'histoire européenne. Ce blog explorera l'étonnant récit de la vie de Napoléon, le suivant depuis son petit enfant corse jusqu'à l'empereur français.
Le passé instable de la Corse et l'impact de ses ancêtres italiens ont façonné les premières années de Napoléon là-bas. Napoléon fut poussé à devenir un grand homme par la mort prématurée de son père et l'annexion de l'île à la France. À neuf ans, il se lance dans une aventure qui marquera sa vie : quitter la Corse et se rendre en France métropolitaine.
Le succès futur de Napoléon fut pavé de sa formation militaire à l'Ecole Militaire de Paris. Même s'il était issu d'une éducation modeste, son génie et sa ruse le distinguaient immédiatement des autres.
Napoléon a eu l’occasion idéale de gravir les échelons de l’establishment militaire et politique lors de la Révolution française de 1789. Ses compétences militaires ont été démontrées par ses victoires en Égypte et en Italie, qui lui ont valu non seulement une notoriété mais aussi une influence politique.
L'événement crucial s'est produit en 1799 lorsque Napoléon a mené un coup d'État, renversant le gouvernement français et assumant le poste de Premier Consul. Ce fut le début de la consolidation de son pouvoir, qui aboutit finalement à la déclaration de l'Empire français en 1804.
Les exploits militaires de Napoléon sont légendaires. Il fut le plus grand tacticien et stratège de tous les temps, remportant à la fois la bataille d'Austerlitz et la conquête de la péninsule ibérique. Le génie administratif de Napoléon a été démontré par le Code Napoléon, un code juridique complet et la restructuration des gouvernements européens.
Cependant, avec la terrible invasion de la Russie en 1812, les choses ont commencé à changer. L'effondrement de Napoléon a commencé lorsque la Grande Armée a subi un coup dur en raison du rude hiver et des difficultés logistiques.
La chute de Napoléon a commencé avec la bataille de Leipzig en 1813 et l'invasion de la France par la Sixième Coalition. Il abdiqua en 1814 et fut envoyé à l'île d'Elbe. Il réussit néanmoins sa fuite malheureuse et rentre en France au cours des Cent Jours de 1815.
Le destin de Napoléon fut scellé lors de la bataille cruciale de Waterloo, et il fut de nouveau emprisonné, cette fois sur l'île isolée de Sainte-Hélène, dans l'Atlantique Sud. Il y a vécu ses dernières années, en repensant à son incroyable voyage et à l'impact qu'il a laissé derrière lui.
La vie de Napoléon Bonaparte est une histoire fascinante d'aspirations, de réussites et d'échecs éventuels. Son influence sur le développement de l’histoire européenne est immense et son héritage fait encore l’objet de recherches et de discussions aujourd’hui. Napoléon Bonaparte, critiqué pour son leadership autocratique et loué pour ses prouesses militaires, continue d'être un personnage important dans l'histoire de l'humanité et un symbole des difficultés liées à l'accès au pouvoir et au désir.
L'histoire est un ensemble de mensonges convenus.
Monday, November 13, 2023
History of Cinema: Beyond Screens.
Cinema is the most widely acclaimed means of entertainment in the world today. It is a combination of various equipments, techniques and art which constitutes cinema. But the most important things needed to experience cinema are camera, film reel and a projector. "Wheel of life' or 'zoopraxiscope' was the first machine to show animated pictures. It was patented in 1867 by William Lincoln. In a zoopraxiscope, moving photographs were watched through a slit.
Zoopraxiscope |
"The cinema is an invention without a future." - Louis Lumière. The Lumiere brothers-Auguste and Louise - are credited for inventing the first motion picture camera in the year, 1895. But even prior to Lumiere brothers, many others had made similar inventions. Lumiere brothers invented a portable motion-picture camera, film processing unit and a projector called the Cinematographe. Here, three functions were covered in one invention.
Lumiere Brothers |
Cinematographe |
Cinematographe or Cinematography brought a revolutionary change in the world of cinema and made motion pictures popular. Though, prior in 1891, the Edison Company came up with a kinetoscope which allowed to watch cinema one person at a time, Edison's vitascope (1896) was the first commercially successful projector in USA.
Kinetoscope |
A camera shoots an activity on a film roll, also known as a film negative. This film negative is then edited. An editor removes away unnecessary scenes by cutting away that portion of the film role. Then the edited film roll is processed in a lab with required effects. The final film footage is then mounted on a projector. A projector is a device which projects the film running on the film roll on a blank white screen with the help of light. There are two pulleys on a projector. The film reel is mounted on the first projector and is run through the first to the second projector with the help of a motor.
Advertising of Edson's Vitascope |
The film reel passes between a magnifying lens and a light bulb. The lens increases the size of the image on the blank white screen.
Cinematography is an art form unique to motion pictures. Although the exposing of images on light-sensitive elements dates back to the early 19th century, motion pictures demanded a new form of photography and new aesthetic techniques. In the infancy of motion pictures, the cinematographer was usually also the director and the person physically handling the camera. As the art form and technology evolved, a separation between the director and the camera operator emerged. With the advent of artificial lighting and faster (more light sensitive) film stocks, in addition to technological advancements in optics and new techniques such as colour film and widescreen, the technical aspects of cinematography necessitated a specialist in that area.
"IF A MILLION PEOPLE SEE MY MOVIE, I HOPE THEY SEE A MILLION DIFFERENT MOVIES." ---QUENTIN TARANTINO---
Dir. QUENTIN TARANTINO.
Saturday, October 7, 2023
Story of X-Rays.
Story of X-Rays.
X-rays, like the light are electromagnetic radiations and are not visible to the eye. Their wavelengths are smaller than those of the visible light. They are high energy rays. That is why they have high penetrating power. They can pass through the flesh of our body. They travel with the velocity of light.
X-Rays image of the human hand. |
These rays were discovered by Prof. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen in 1895. They are sometimes called 'Roentgen rays' also. They were called X-rays (X-means unknown) because these were not known earlier. For this wonderful discovery Prof. Roentgen was awarded the first Nobel Prize of Physics in 1901 .
Wavelength of the Electro-magnetic waves. |
The apparatus used for producing X-rays is called 'X-rays tube'. This tube is made up of hard glass and is fitted with two electrodes which are connected to high voltage D.C. source. The electrode connected to the negative terminal is called cathode and the one connected to positive terminal is called anode. Low pressure is created inside the tube by pumping out air from it. When high voltage is applied between the electrodes, electrons emerge from the cathode and hit the 'anode' or the 'target'. As a result the X-rays come out of the tube.
X-rays are very useful for us. They can pass through substances like wood, paper, skin, flesh etc. but are absorbed by bones, iron,lead etc. Doctors make use of X-rays to detect the dislocations and fractures of bones. They are also used to examine the diseases of lungs and presence of stones in kidneys and gall bladder. X-rays are allowed to fall on the body part to be examined and a photograph is taken on the photo film kept behind that part. In this film the portion of bones appears grey. From these X-ray photographs, the disease and defects are located easily.
X-rays are also used in treating cancer. With the help of these rays, gold and other valuable gems hidden in the body are detected easily. They are also used to detect cracks and bubbles in the iron bars used for constructing bridges and buildings. They are used to study the structure of crystals. With these rays, it is very easy to distinguish between natural and synthetic diamonds.
Sunday, October 1, 2023
What are Infra-red Radiations?
What are Infra-red Radiations?
We all know that the sunlight consists of all those colours which are seen in a rainbow. These colours are: violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red. Light from the sun travels in the form of waves which are known as electromagnetic waves. The different colours of light have different wavelengths. Our eyes are sensitive only to the wavelengths relating to the above seven colours. Apart from the wavelengths of these seven colours, the sunlight consists of radiations of other wavelengths also, but our eyes are not sensitive to them. Rays having wavelengths higher than that of red light are called infra-red rays and those lower than violet light are called ultraviolet rays. Both infra-red and ultraviolet rays are not visible to our eyes.
Spectral Lines. |
Infra-red rays come not only from the sun but from every hot object. Burning wood and coal, electric heater-all produce these rays. These can be recorded on special type of photographic films made of infra-red sensitive materials. Whenever these rays fall on any material body they produce heat. They are very useful to us.
Wavelength of Infrared Radiation. |
Infra-red radiations are being used for the treatment of several diseases. Special types of infra-red lamps are used for treating the pains of muscles and joints-especially for backpain. They are also used for heating rooms in winter.
Animals Pictures taken under IR Camera. |
Infra-red radiations are being used for the guidance and control of missiles and other ballistic weapons. These radiations are also used for transmitting and receiving invisible signals. Molecular structures are studied with the help of these radiations. Impurities present in the materials can also be detected by these rays.
Light, The Visible Reminder of Invisible Light ---John Green---
Thursday, September 28, 2023
Why Does Milk Appear in White Colour?
Why Does Milk Appear in White Colour?
Milk and curd looks white when we seen in the sunlight but they appears red in red light and blue in blue light. Have you ever wondered? Why its happens? If you don't know follow my blog page for more curious science thoughts.
We all know that the sunlight is a mixture of seven colours. There are: Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange & Red. The colours of the sun light can be separated with the help of a prism. The coloured an object depends upon the colour that reaches our eyes after reflection from the object.
Colour of an objects depends upon the reflected light. |
What ever colour is reflected by the object, is the colour of the that object. The molecular structure of milk and curd is such that they do not absorb any of the colours of the sunlight but reflected all of them, Thus these substances appear white. When milk and curd are viewed in red light, they look red because red colour is reflected by them. The same argument holds good for the colours of the other objects also.
Colors! What A Deep And Mysterious Language, The Language Of Dreams. -Paul Gauguin.
Sunday, September 17, 2023
Discovery of Radium.
Discovery of Radium:
"Nuclear Power Is One Hell Of A Way To Boil Water" - Albert Einstein.
Davisson-Germer Experiment: An Experiment that confirms the existence of de Broglie waves.
The Davisson-Germer Experiment is a key experiment that confirms the wave nature of particles, specifically electrons, as predicted by de ...
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Story of X-Rays. X-rays, like the light are electromagnetic radiations and are not visible to the eye. Their wavelengths are smaller than ...
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💣 Scientist of the Manhattan Project complete the Atomic Bomb destined to end World War - II : 💣 During World War the United Stat...
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Radiation from black holes was the first example of a prediction that depended on both of the great theories of this century, general relati...
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Thomas Alva Edison is known as the inventor of the electric bulb. But prior to him, many other scientists had been working on manufacturing ...
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“ If we pick up a stone and then let it go, why does it fall to the ground? ” The usual answer to the question is: “ Because it is attract...