How are Tides Formed?

Tides:

Tides are the regular rise and fall of sea levels caused by the gravitational forces exerted by the Moon and the Sun, as well as the rotation of the Earth.

The Basics of Tides:

Gravitational Pull: The Moon’s gravity pulls on the Earth's water, creating a bulge of water on the side of the Earth facing the Moon. This bulge is the high tide.

Centrifugal Force: As the Earth and the Moon orbit around a common center of mass, a centrifugal force is generated. This force causes another bulge on the opposite side of the Earth, creating a second high tide.

Types of Tides:

High Tide: Occurs where the water is bulging due to the gravitational pull of the Moon and the centrifugal force.

Low Tide: Occurs in areas between the high tides, where the water level is lower.

The Role of the Sun:

The Sun also exerts a gravitational pull on the Earth's waters, but it is less significant than the Moon's pull because the Sun is much farther away. However, the Sun's gravity can either enhance or diminish the effects of the Moon's gravity:

Spring Tides: When the Sun, Moon, and Earth are aligned (during full moon and new moon), their combined gravitational forces create higher high tides and lower low tides. These are known as spring tides.

Neap Tides: When the Sun and Moon are at right angles to each other (during the first and third quarters of the moon), their gravitational forces partially cancel each other out, resulting in lower high tides and higher low tides. These are called neap tides.

The Tidal Cycle:

Semi-Diurnal Tides: Most coastal areas experience two high tides and two low tides every 24 hours and 50 minutes. This is because it takes about 24 hours and 50 minutes for the Earth to complete one rotation relative to the Moon.

Diurnal Tides: Some areas experience only one high tide and one low tide each day.

Mixed Tides: In some locations, there are two high tides and two low tides of different heights each day.

Factors Affecting Tides:

The Shape of the Coastline: Coastal shapes can influence how high or low tides are. Narrow bays, inlets, and estuaries can experience much higher tides than more open coastlines.

Ocean Basin Topography: The depth and shape of the ocean floor can affect tidal ranges. Shallow areas can amplify the effects of tides.

Earth’s Rotation: The rotation of the Earth also affects the timing and height of tides, creating complex tidal patterns.

Tidal Effects and Uses:

Intertidal Zones: The area between high and low tide marks is called the intertidal zone. This area is rich in marine life and is crucial for many ecosystems.

Tidal Energy: Tides can be harnessed to generate renewable energy. Tidal power plants use the movement of water caused by tides to produce electricity.

Navigation and Fishing: Knowledge of tides is essential for navigation and fishing. Ships must account for tides when entering and leaving harbours, and many marine species rely on tidal cycles for breeding and feeding.

Tides are a fascinating natural phenomenon influenced by the gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun, the rotation of the Earth, and the shape of coastlines and ocean basins. They play a crucial role in marine ecosystems, human activities, and even renewable energy. Understanding tides helps us appreciate the intricate connections between celestial bodies and our planet’s oceans! 

What are Infra-red Radiations?

We all know that the sunlight consists of all those colours which are seen in a rainbow. These colours are: violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red. Light from the sun travels in the form of waves which are known as electromagnetic waves. The different colours of light have different wavelengths. Our eyes are sensitive only to the wavelengths relating to the above seven colours. Apart from the wavelengths of these seven colours, the sunlight consists of radiations of other wavelengths also, but our eyes are not sensitive to them. Rays having wavelengths higher than that of red light are called infra-red rays and those lower than violet light are called ultraviolet rays. Both infra-red and ultraviolet rays are not visible to our eyes.

Spectral Lines.

Infra-red rays come not only from the sun but from every hot object. Burning wood and coal, electric heater-all produce these rays. These can be recorded on special type of photographic films made of infra-red sensitive materials. Whenever these rays fall on any material body they produce heat. They are very useful to us. 

Wavelength 

Wavelength of Infrared Radiation.

Infra-red radiations are being used for the treatment of several diseases. Special types of infra-red lamps are used for treating the pains of muscles and joints-especially for backpain. They are also used for heating rooms in winter.

Animals Pictures taken under IR Camera.

Infra-red radiations are being used for the guidance and control of missiles and other ballistic weapons. These radiations are also used for transmitting and receiving invisible signals. Molecular structures are studied with the help of these radiations. Impurities present in the materials can also be detected by these rays. 

Light, The Visible Reminder of Invisible Light ---John Green--- 

Short Story of Moon Landing 1969. ( was it conspiracy, theories.)

 Men On The Moon:

🌕  On 20 July 1969, Neil Armstrong became the first person to walk on the Surface of the moon. He was joined by Buzz Aldrin. A third astronaut, Mike Collins, remained in orbit with the command and service modules.

Neil Armstrong on the Moon.

🌕  What was it Like:

                                     Buzz Aldrin described the moon's Surface as like nothing on Earth. He said it consists of a fine, talcum - powder - like dust, strewn with pebbles and rocks.

 

Surface of the Moon in Apollo 11 mission.

     

                                     Why is there no blue sky on the moon?   — Because the Moon has no atmosphere.

🌕   What did they do there: 

                                        Armstrong and Aldrin spent almost 22 hours on the moon. About 2.5 hours of this was spent outside the Eagle, collecting rock and soil samples, setting up experiments, and taking pictures.

The Lunar module was nicknamed as the Eagle.

🌕   How did they talk ? 

                                      There's no air in space, so sound has nothing to travel through. Lunar astronauts use radio equipment in their helmets.

🌕    Here comes Earth: 

                                 Instead of the moon rising, the astronaut saw Earth rising over the moon's horizon — it looked four times bigger than the moon looks from Earth.

Earth rising over the moon's Surface.

🌕    We have Transport  !

                                    Three later Apollo missions each carried a small electric car, a lunar rover, which allowed the astronauts to explore away from the lander. These were left on the moon when the astronaut left.

Transport over one lunar rover reached a top speed of 22km/h (13.5 mph). 

🌕    Splashdown to Earth:

                                      The astronaut returned to Earth in the Apollo 11 command module. This fell through the atmosphere and landed in the Pacific Ocean. A ringed float helped to keep it stable.

Apollo 11 mission command module landed in the Pacific Ocean.

              

                                             Sounds that so weird :  The lunar module computer on Apollo 11 had just 71 K of memory. Some calculators can now store more than 500 K of memory.        

" That's One Small Step for man, One Giant Leap for mankind. "

                                                             ———  Neil Armstrong  ———      

The Strangest Phenomena in the Universe

 The Strangest phenomena  in the Universe : 

Big Bang evolution.

 

 BIG FREEZE :

                           The Universe will end up as totally dead , cold and empty space. Currently this is the most possible way the universe might end ...                                                

BIG RIP :

                 Everything in the Universe including stars, planets, galaxies, black holes, etc... will be torn apart by the expansion of the Universe...

BIG CRUNCH :

                          According to the Big Crunch theory, a time will come when Dark Energy will weaken and the Gravitational force will win over Dark Energy due to which the expansion of the Universe will stop and the Universe will start shrinking the whole Universe will be an infinite density point... 

 

BIG SLURP : 

            As the Higgs finding allude to the Universe is likely inherently, unstable, which could make way for a Vaccum meta stability event to occur...

 

THE THEORIES OF EXPANSION :   

                                💡 There are Three Different Theories of what will happen with our Universe and how it expands:

                                ☀ The Big Crunch

                                ☀ Continuing Forever 

                                ☀ The Big Chill 

LAB BLACK HOLE :

                                   A flowing gas of approximately 8,0000 Rubidium atoms cooled to nearly zero degree and held in place by a laser beam.

SOME OF THE THEORIES EXPLAINS LIFE ON EARTH :

                               💡 According to some researchers, Life on earth may have evolved in clay and could have been a breeding ground for DNA .

                                💡 Some evidence indicates that Earth's ocean were covered with ice which protected certain compounds and created life .

                                💡 Since electricity can produce Sugar and Amino Acids (protein) from simple atmospheric elements it could have caused the origin of life.

 

" I  , A  UNIVERSE   OF  ATOM ,  AN  ATOM  IN   THE   UNIVERSE.   "

                                  --- RICHARD  P.  FEYNMAN  ---   

Issac Newton ( English mathematican, physicist )

Sir Isaac Newton was born on December 25, 1642 in Lincolnshire, England. Newton was named after his father — Isaac Newton, who died three months before his birth. He was a premature child and was raised by his maternal grandmother. Newton went to The King's School, Grantham; When he turned twelve. In 1661, he enrolled with the Trinity College, Cambridge. He obtained his degree in 1665. Later, he joined the same college as a mathematics professor. 

Sir Isaac Newton was not a pleasant man. His relations with other academics were notorious, with most of his later life spent embroiled in heated disputes. Following publication of  Principia Mathematica  (1687) —  surely the most influential book ever written in physics —  Newton had risen rapidly into public prominence. He was appointed president of the Royal Society and became the first scientist ever to be knighted. 

Newton soon clashed with the Astronomer Royal, John Flamsteed, who had earlier provided Newton with much needed data for  Principia, but was now withholding information that Newton wanted. Newton would not take no for an answer:  he had himself appointed to the governing body of the Royal Observatory and then tried to force immediate publication of the data. Eventually he arranged for Flamsteed's work to be seized and prepared for publication by Flamsteed's mortal enemy, Edmond Halley. But Flamsteed took the case to court and, in the nick of time, won a court order preventing distribution of the stolen work. Newton was incensed and sought his revenge by systematically deleting all references to Flamsteed in later editions of  Principia. 

A more serious dispute arose with the German philosopher Gottfried  Leibniz. Both Leibniz and Newton had independently developed a branch of mathematics called calculus, which underlies most of modern physics. Although we now know that Newton discovered calculus years before Leibniz, he published his work much later. A major row ensued over who had been first, with scientists vigorously defending both contenders. It is remarkable, however, that most of the articles appearing in defense of Newton were originally written by his own hand — and only published in the name of friends!  As the row grew, Leibniz made the mistake of appealing to the Royal Society to resolve the dispute. Newton, as president, appointed an " impartial " committee to investigate, coincidentally consisting entirely of Newton's friends!  But that was not all: Newton then wrote the committee's report himself and had the Royal Society published it, officially accusing Leibniz of plagiarism. Still unsatisfied, he then wrote an anonymous review of the report in the Royal society's own periodical. Following the death of Leibniz, Newton is reported to have declared that he had taken great satisfaction in " breaking Leibniz's heart ". He also did some important work in optics.

During the period of these two disputes Newton had already left Cambridge and academe. He had been active in anti-Catholic politics at Cambridge, and later in Parliament, and was rewarded eventually with the lucrative post of  " Warden of the Royal Mint ". Here he used his talents for deviousness and vitriol in a more socially acceptable way, successfully conducting a major campaign against counterfeiting, even sending several men to their death on the gallows. 

Sir Isaac Newton died on March 31, 1727 during his sleep...