The Brief History of The Sun.

The Sun:

The Sun is the star at the centre of our solar system. Its gravity holds the solar system together, keeping everything from the - biggest planets to the smallest bits of debris - in its orbit.

Heat and light are produced by nuclear events that occur deep beneath. In order to produce this energy, The Sun has been using four million tonnes of hydrogen fuel each second since its formation, or around 4.6 billion years ago.

Solar Flares:

A solar flare is a massive eruption that occurs on the Sun when energy that has been trapped in "twisted" magnetic fields- which are typically found above sunspots, Chromosphere -is suddenly released.

They may heat materials to millions of degrees in a matter of minutes, resulting in a burst of radiation that includes: radio waves, X-rays, and gamma rays.

Sun Spots:

Sunspots are areas where the magnetic field is about 2,500 times stronger than Earth's, much higher than anywhere else on the Sun. Because of the strong magnetic field, the magnetic pressure increases while the surrounding atmospheric pressure decreases.

This in turn lowers the temperature relative to its surroundings because the concentrated magnetic field inhibits the flow of hot, new gas from the Sun's interior to the surface.

Sunspots tends to occur in pairs that have magnetic fields pointing in opposite directions.

Why Sun Spots are Dark?

The sunspots are large concentrations of strong magnetic field. Some energy is partially prevented from passing through the surface by this magnetic field.

As a result, sunspots experience a lower surface temperature than other areas of the surface. It appears darker when the temperature is lower.

Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs):

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are large expulsions of plasma and magnetic field from the sun's atmosphere the corona.

Compared to solar flares bursts of electromagnetic radiation that travel at the speed of light, reaching Earth in just over 8 minutes.

Formation of CMEs:

The more explosive CMES generally begin when highly twisted magnetic field structures (flux ropes) contained in the Sun's lower corona become too stressed and realign into a less tense configuration - a process called magnetic reconnection.

Near Earth CMEs Effects:

Auroras:

The CMEs causes stunning light displays known as auroras, visible in the polar regions of the earth.

Geomagnetic Storms:

CMEs can cause significant disturbances in Earth's magnetosphere, leading to geomagnetic storms which are; Satellite Operations, Power Grids, Communication Systems.

Radiation Hazards:

It Increases radiation levels at high altitudes, especially near the poles.

Preventing & Monitoring:

SPACE WEATHER FORECASTING:

To provide early alerts of possible CMEs, organisations such as NASA and NOAA's Space Weather Prediction Centre (SWPC) track solar activity.

AID:

Continuous monitoring and improved prediction models are essential to prevent the bad impacts of CMEs.

How to Find the Sun Spots Area:

To find the area of sunspots, I use the manual formula to calculate the area of the sunspots.

As = ((Af x n) / cos (B) x cos (L))

Where,

As - Area of the sunspot,

Af - Area factor constant for the solar chart image (i.e., 63.66),

n - Number of grid sares occupying the sunspot,

B- Heliographic latitude,

L - Angular distance of the sunspot from the solar disk centre.

The physical unit for the calculated area is a millionth of a hemisphere (MHS). 

Solar Cycle:

About every 11 years, the Sun's magnetic field gradually changes polarity, a process known as the solar cycle. This reversal causes changes in solar activity.

The solar cycle has been observed and recorded since the mid-18th century, with the current cycle being Solar Cycle 25. 

 "Sun, in fact, is the center of the universe" -Nicolaus Copernicus. 

Particle Nature of light: Einstein's Explanation.

 Particle Nature of light: Einstein's Explanation.

Einstein extended Planck's quantum concept to explain the photoelectric effect in 1905. According to Einstein, the energy in light is not spread out over wavefronts but is concentrated in small packets or energy quanta. Therefore, light (or any other electromagnetic waves) of frequency v from any source can be considered as a stream of quanta and the energy of each light quantum is given by E=hv.
[1] 

He also proposed that a quantum of light has linear momentum and the magnitude of that linear momentum is p=h/c. The individual light quantum of definite energy and momentum can be associated with a particle. can behave as a particle and this is called photon. Therefore, photon is nothing but particle manifestation of light.

Light is made up of particles called Photons.

Characteristics of photons:

According to particle nature of light, photons are the basic constituents of any radiation and possess the following characteristic properties:

i) The photons of light of frequency v and wavelength & will have energy, given by E=hv= hc/λ

ii) The energy of a photon is determined by the frequency of the radiation and not by its intensity and the intensity has no relation with the energy of the individual photons in the beam.

iii) The photons travel with the speed of light and its momentum is given by hhv P=h/λ =hv/c

iv) Since photons are electrically neutral, they are unaffected by electric and magnetic fields.

v) When a photon interacts with matter (photon-electron collision), the total energy, total linear momentum and angular momentum are conserved. Since photon may be absorbed or a new photon may be produced in such interactions, the number of photons may not be conserved.... 

“Matter is Energy… Energy is Light…We are all Light Beings” —Albert Einstein.

  

Astronauts Living In Space.

 Astronauts Living In Space : 

A bed on the wall, baby wipes for a wash, footholds, and edible  toothpaste! Life on the space station is very different from life on earth.  

 

Life in Space Station. 

Ordinary Days :

                                             Astronauts need to do everything that you do. They eat, exercise, sleep, work, and play, but they have to do all these things in a home without the gravity

Astronaut Chris Hanfield in Space.

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New Arrivals :

                                          When astronauts arrive at a space station, they bring supplies with them. Imagine trying to unpack your suitcase when you are floating. some astronauts suffer temporary hearing problems after living on a space station, this is because the necessary air filters, fans, and pumps make it very noisy.          

Keeping Healthy :

                                                   Astronaut's muscles don't work very hard in micro gravity, so they quickly lose strength, so astronauts exercise for about two hours a day. This athlete completed a marathon on the International Space Station treadmill.  

     

Astronaut on Treadmill.

   

Time for Work :

                                             Experienced scientists regularly jion the astronauts in the space station to carry out a variety of experiments and record the results.  

 

Astronaut in space station.

A Tasty Food :

                                          Food is supplied in sealed packets and some of it is dehydrated. That means that water has to be added before the food can be eaten.   

 Nutritional Food for Astronauts. 

Time for Bed :

                                Most of the crew use sleeping bags, which have to be strapped to the walls of the space station. The bag holds astronauts' arms in place. Otherwise they would float above their head.   

Bed for Astronauts.

     

They like to keep clean, like us !

                                                                                         Astronauts use combs and toothbrushes, and toothpaste. But the toothpaste doesn't froth, and gets swallowed. Wet wipes are useful for a speedy wash...  

      

Bathing in Space.

Showering in Space Station.

" Building One Space Station For Everyone Was And Is Insane: We Should Have Built A Dozen. "  

                                                                    ---Larry Niven.---           

      

The Space Stations

The Space stations :  

                                           Imagine living 380 km ( 235 miles ) above everybody eise, experiencing a sunrise every 45 minutes, sending your cloths to burned up in the atmosphere rather than  washed, and having no floor or ceiling. welcome to Space Station.  

ISS (International Space Station)

A Quick History :

                 The first space station was launched in 1971. Since then a number of stations have orbited Earth. The International Space  Station ( ISS ) , has been built by 16 nations working together. The  largest space station ever built, it's been occupied since 2000 . 

ISS launched in 1971 

 

First Ideas : 

                        Ideas for the space stations existed a long time before they became reality . In the 1950s, a 76 metre ( 250 ft )  - wide wheel-shaped design  ( like in the Interstellar ) was proposed by space scientist Wernher Von Braun .  

 

Wernher Von Braun

What is Space station : 

                                   It's a space laboratory that orbits Earth, operated by the crews of astronauts who take turns crew stays for several months. Occasionally, an astronaut  has stayed a whole year! , The solar panels are used to power the space station.   

Body Parts of International Space Station 

Some of the Space Station :

                                              Salyut 1 : Launched in 1971 and in orbit for 175 days.

                                           Salyut 7 : Launched in 1982 and in orbit for 3,216 days.

                                          Skylab :  Launched in May 1973 by the USA. It burned up in 1979.

                                          Mir : Built in space by the Soviet Union, beginning in 1986. It fell into the atmosphere in march 2001.     

                       

“ Building one space station for everyone was and is insane: we should have built a dozen. ”

                           ______Larry Niven.______       

 

    

Journey To The Moon

MOON JOURNEY  :  

During the 1960s there was a race between the USA and the former Soviet Union to put a man on the moon. The USA landed the first man on the moon with APOLLO 11 in 1969.     

Apollo 11's mission crew members (1969).
Left side -  Commander Neil Armstrong ; Middle - Command module Michael Collins ; Right side - Lunar module pilot Buzz Aldrin.  

What was Apollo 11 ?  

                                       🌕  Apollo 11 was made up of three modules, or parts: the tiny command module, the service module, and the lunar module.Apollo 11 mission reached the moon because of a huge rocket called SATURN V. Most of SATURN V contained the fuel needed to blast it into space. 

The  Journey Plan for the Moon Landing {1969}.  

                  🌕 Three astronauts sat in a tiny capsule at the top of the rocket. The service module contained the power and life-support systems. The three astronauts worked and slept in the command  module. And the Mission commander Neil Armstrong struggled to find a flat landing site. He succeeded with just seconds to spare. 

   

The Body Parts of Saturn V's that was carried the Lunar Module called Eagle.  

The Eagle has landed : 

                                           🌕  The lunar module ( the part of apollo 11 that landed ) was also known as the Eagle.It touched down on the moon on 20 July, 1969.  

Lunar Module named Eagle.  

The Different Stages of Apollo 11 Mission : 

                                                                                           🚀  STAGE 1 :  Five F1 engines blast the SATURN V rocket into space from the Kennedy Space Center.  

                                     🚀  STAGE 2 : The rocket's engines fire to set the craft on a course to the moon. 

                                     🚀  STAGE 3 : The command and service modules separate from the rocket and perform a 180° turn.   

                                     🚀 STAGE 4 :  The command and service modules reattach to the lunar module, which is still connected to the rocket.  

                                     🚀 STAGE 5 :  The rest of the rocket is discarded while the commanded, service, and lunar modules  continue to the moon.  

                                     🚀  STAGE 6 :  The journey has taken 102 hours, 45 minutes. The lunar module is ready to land.  

                                     🚀  STAGE 7 :  The command and service modules orbit the moon ( one astronaut remains on board ) while the lunar module lands. Two astronauts walk on the moon.    

                                     🚀  STAGE 8 :  The lunar module joins the command and service modules so the two lunar astronauts can climb through. The lunar module is then abandoned.   

                                     🚀  STAGE 9 :  The service module is ejected before re-entry into Earth's atmosphere.    

                                     🚀  STAGE 10 :  The command module is the only part of the mission to return to Earth.

   

Stages of Moon Landing Mission. 

   "  THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF LIFE ARE CONNECTED IN THE MOST INTIMATE WAY WITH THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE STARS .  "   

                     ______ CARL SAGAN. ______          

    

 

                              

Short Story of Moon Landing 1969. ( was it conspiracy, theories.)

 Men On The Moon:

🌕  On 20 July 1969, Neil Armstrong became the first person to walk on the Surface of the moon. He was joined by Buzz Aldrin. A third astronaut, Mike Collins, remained in orbit with the command and service modules.

Neil Armstrong on the Moon.

🌕  What was it Like:

                                     Buzz Aldrin described the moon's Surface as like nothing on Earth. He said it consists of a fine, talcum - powder - like dust, strewn with pebbles and rocks.

 

Surface of the Moon in Apollo 11 mission.

     

                                     Why is there no blue sky on the moon?   — Because the Moon has no atmosphere.

🌕   What did they do there: 

                                        Armstrong and Aldrin spent almost 22 hours on the moon. About 2.5 hours of this was spent outside the Eagle, collecting rock and soil samples, setting up experiments, and taking pictures.

The Lunar module was nicknamed as the Eagle.

🌕   How did they talk ? 

                                      There's no air in space, so sound has nothing to travel through. Lunar astronauts use radio equipment in their helmets.

🌕    Here comes Earth: 

                                 Instead of the moon rising, the astronaut saw Earth rising over the moon's horizon — it looked four times bigger than the moon looks from Earth.

Earth rising over the moon's Surface.

🌕    We have Transport  !

                                    Three later Apollo missions each carried a small electric car, a lunar rover, which allowed the astronauts to explore away from the lander. These were left on the moon when the astronaut left.

Transport over one lunar rover reached a top speed of 22km/h (13.5 mph). 

🌕    Splashdown to Earth:

                                      The astronaut returned to Earth in the Apollo 11 command module. This fell through the atmosphere and landed in the Pacific Ocean. A ringed float helped to keep it stable.

Apollo 11 mission command module landed in the Pacific Ocean.

              

                                             Sounds that so weird :  The lunar module computer on Apollo 11 had just 71 K of memory. Some calculators can now store more than 500 K of memory.        

" That's One Small Step for man, One Giant Leap for mankind. "

                                                             ———  Neil Armstrong  ———