Hello Guys, I am Rex. Welcome to my blog page [ Science Time with Albert Rex ], where science meets wonder and curiosity. This blog page helps the Common people to understand the simple concepts of science. At my blog [Science Time with Albert Rex], I believe that “science is not just a subject — it's a way of thinking”. Join us on an exhilarating journey through the realms of scientific exploration and discoveries. Unleash your inner scientist and embark on a curious voyage with my blog page.
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Tuesday, June 25, 2024
How are Tides Formed?
![](http://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9cWSOMe8MqWxsfaTj6lzzjZIGZQ4BFnGjNoZC-Ah_r1DTO8tx_K_U1DWAEMTeku19u8lEthCYJBMZzCC_UIvEr1xk_wBRTWlKXlx20O9EDC5T7JWRk76h8tYhFdT36Qy_cfn7Z0A-wMT-gvMFAOYRaAkBT96OasTPrJhpfikaoqLTsA/s220/Andres%20De%20Rex.jpg)
Saturday, June 22, 2024
The Toughest Predators Ever: Tyrannosaurus Rex.
Tyrannosaurus Rex was one of the most ferocious creature to ever roam the Earth. With a gigantic body, keen teeth, and jaws powerful enough to smash a vehicle, this renowned carnivore controlled the forested river valleys of western North America during the late Cretaceous period, 68 million years ago.
T. Rex is a well-known Tyrannosaur, yet our understanding of him is continually changing. Improved technologies, including as biomechanical modelling and x-ray imaging, have helped scientists obtain a better understand of how this apex predator lived.
Tyrannosaurus rex, which means "King of the Tyrant Lizards," was designed to take control. This dinosaur's massive body covered up to 40 feet—roughly the length of a school bus—from its nose to the tip of its powerful tail. T. rex, weighing up to eight tonnes, raised headfirst across its territory with two powerful legs. These dinosaurs most likely hunted living animals and collected cadavers, and they occasionally ate one another.
Tyrannosaurus rex had a good sense of smell, which helped it find its prey. While scientists have long known that this dinosaur's brain was dedicated to scent processing, current research has revealed that T. rex has nearly as many genes encoding its olfactory receptors as a house cat does today. This strong nostrils most likely helped T. rex find mates and identify other predators.
The head of a Tyrannosaurus dinosaur was very terrifying. This ruthless carnivore was designed to crush through its prey, with a hard cranium that allowed it to concentrate all of its muscle power into a single bite, making a up to six tonnes of pressure. This dinosaur utilised its 60 hooked teeth, each about eight inches long, to puncture and hold flesh before throwing it into the air and eating it whole. To protect from overheating while crushing prey with its powerful jaws, the gigantic animal developed openings in its head to keep its brain cool, similar to those found in alligators.
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Tyrannosaurus Rex. |
Tyrannosaurus rex, a ferocious dinosaur, had tiny arms that biologists debated. Some believe they were evolutionary leftovers or served non-predatory purposes, while others argue they were evolved for "cruel cutting" in close quarters. Considering their powerful thighs, these dinosaurs could only walk at 12 miles per hour, which scientists believe would have fractured their feet if they travelled faster.
Tyrannosaurus rex, a dangerous predator with a life expectancy of 28 years, suffered a growth rise during its adolescent years. A 2020 analysis of Nano Tyrannus fossils found that the bones belonged to a young T. rex rather than another species. This shows that Tyrannosaurus rex's growth rate varied as it aged, and that it could slow down when food was limited. Despite its advantages, T. rex was unable to equal the 66 million-year-old catastrophe that killed three-quarters of all species on Earth. This catastrophe occurred when an asteroid or comet collided with Earth, destroying Tyrannosaurus rex and other non-avian dinosaurs and marking the end of the Cretaceous epoch.
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Friday, June 21, 2024
The Photoelectric Effect.
A process known as the photoelectric effect occurs when a substance, usually a metal, absorbs enough light to cause electrons to be expelled from its surface. This phenomenon made a fundamental contribution to the advancement of contemporary physics and offered vital data in support of the quantum theory of light.
Scientific Principles:
Photon Concept:
- Light consists of particles called photons, each carrying a discrete amount of energy determined by its frequency (E=hv), where "h" is Planck's constant and "v" is the frequency of the light.
Energy Threshold:
- For electrons to be ejected from a material, the energy of the incident photons must exceed a certain minimum value known as the work function (ϕ) of the material.
Electron Emission:
- When a photon hits the material, its energy is transferred to an electron. If the energy is greater than the work function, the electron is emitted from the surface with kinetic energy given by Ek=hv−ϕ.
Intensity Independence:
- The number of ejected electrons depends on the intensity of the light, but the energy of the ejected electrons depends only on the frequency of the incident light.
Historical Development
Heinrich Hertz (1887):
Wilhelm Hallwachs (1888):
J.J Thomson (1899):
Albert Einstein (1905):
Robert Millikan (1916):
Impacts:
Quantum Theory of Light
Useful Applications:
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Thursday, June 20, 2024
The Brief History of The Sun.
The Sun:
The Sun is the star at the centre of our solar system. Its gravity holds the solar system together, keeping everything from the - biggest planets to the smallest bits of debris - in its orbit.
Heat and light are produced by nuclear events that occur deep beneath. In order to produce this energy, The Sun has been using four million tonnes of hydrogen fuel each second since its formation, or around 4.6 billion years ago.
Solar Flares:
A solar flare is a massive eruption that occurs on the Sun when energy that has been trapped in "twisted" magnetic fields- which are typically found above sunspots, Chromosphere -is suddenly released.
They may heat materials to millions of degrees in a matter of minutes, resulting in a burst of radiation that includes: radio waves, X-rays, and gamma rays.
Sun Spots:
Sunspots are areas where the magnetic field is about 2,500 times stronger than Earth's, much higher than anywhere else on the Sun. Because of the strong magnetic field, the magnetic pressure increases while the surrounding atmospheric pressure decreases.
This in turn lowers the temperature relative to its surroundings because the concentrated magnetic field inhibits the flow of hot, new gas from the Sun's interior to the surface.
Sunspots tends to occur in pairs that have magnetic fields pointing in opposite directions.
Why Sun Spots are Dark?
The sunspots are large concentrations of strong magnetic field. Some energy is partially prevented from passing through the surface by this magnetic field.
As a result, sunspots experience a lower surface temperature than other areas of the surface. It appears darker when the temperature is lower.
Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs):
Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are large expulsions of plasma and magnetic field from the sun's atmosphere the corona.
Compared to solar flares bursts of electromagnetic radiation that travel at the speed of light, reaching Earth in just over 8 minutes.
Formation of CMEs:
The more explosive CMES generally begin when highly twisted magnetic field structures (flux ropes) contained in the Sun's lower corona become too stressed and realign into a less tense configuration - a process called magnetic reconnection.
Near Earth CMEs Effects:
Auroras:
The CMEs causes stunning light displays known as auroras, visible in the polar regions of the earth.
Geomagnetic Storms:
CMEs can cause significant disturbances in Earth's magnetosphere, leading to geomagnetic storms which are; Satellite Operations, Power Grids, Communication Systems.
Radiation Hazards:
It Increases radiation levels at high altitudes, especially near the poles.
Preventing & Monitoring:
SPACE WEATHER FORECASTING:
To provide early alerts of possible CMEs, organisations such as NASA and NOAA's Space Weather Prediction Centre (SWPC) track solar activity.
AID:
Continuous monitoring and improved prediction models are essential to prevent the bad impacts of CMEs.
How to Find the Sun Spots Area:
To find the area of sunspots, I use the manual formula to calculate the area of the sunspots.
As = ((Af x n) / cos (B) x cos (L))
Where,
As - Area of the sunspot,
Af - Area factor constant for the solar chart image (i.e., 63.66),
n - Number of grid sares occupying the sunspot,
B- Heliographic latitude,
L - Angular distance of the sunspot from the solar disk centre.
The physical unit for the calculated area is a millionth of a hemisphere (MHS).
Solar Cycle:
About every 11 years, the Sun's magnetic field gradually changes polarity, a process known as the solar cycle. This reversal causes changes in solar activity.
The solar cycle has been observed and recorded since the mid-18th century, with the current cycle being Solar Cycle 25.
"Sun, in fact, is the center of the universe" -Nicolaus Copernicus.
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Monday, June 17, 2024
Nicolaus Copernicus's: Revolutionary the Mind
Copernicus. |
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Helio-Centric Model. |
"To know that we know what we Know, and to know that we do not know what we do not know, Chat is true knowledge." -N. Copernicus.
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Thursday, March 28, 2024
The mysteries behind the extinction of dinosaurs: A voyage through time.
Introduction: The Jurassic World:
The Rise and Fall of the Dinosaurs:
But disaster came at the end of the Jurassic Period, some 66 million years ago. A fatal extinction caused by a terrible disaster eliminated many other species in addition to dinosaurs. The change that occurred between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras was signalled by this event, which also cleared the way for the creation of mammals.
Theories of Extinction:
Asteroid Impact:
Volcanic Activity:
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Tyrannosaurus rex (T. rex) went extinct around 65 million years ago. |
Curious Archaeological Finds:
Chicxulub Crater:
Fossil Record:
Geochemical study:
Conclusion: Solving the Mystery:
“All the explanations proposed seem to be only partly satisfactory. They range from massive climatic change to mammalian predation to the extinction of a plant with apparent laxative properties, in which case the dinosaurs died of constipation.” ---CARL SAGAN.
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Thursday, December 21, 2023
Particle Nature of light: Einstein's Explanation.
Particle Nature of light: Einstein's Explanation.
Einstein extended Planck's quantum concept to explain the photoelectric effect in 1905. According to Einstein, the energy in light is not spread out over wavefronts but is concentrated in small packets or energy quanta. Therefore, light (or any other electromagnetic waves) of frequency v from any source can be considered as a stream of quanta and the energy of each light quantum is given by E=hv.
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He also proposed that a quantum of light has linear momentum and the magnitude of that linear momentum is p=h/c. The individual light quantum of definite energy and momentum can be associated with a particle. can behave as a particle and this is called photon. Therefore, photon is nothing but particle manifestation of light.
Light is made up of particles called Photons.
Characteristics of photons:
According to particle nature of light, photons are the basic constituents of any radiation and possess the following characteristic properties:
i) The photons of light of frequency v and wavelength & will have energy, given by E=hv= hc/λ
ii) The energy of a photon is determined by the frequency of the radiation and not by its intensity and the intensity has no relation with the energy of the individual photons in the beam.
iii) The photons travel with the speed of light and its momentum is given by hhv P=h/λ =hv/c
iv) Since photons are electrically neutral, they are unaffected by electric and magnetic fields.
v) When a photon interacts with matter (photon-electron collision), the total energy, total linear momentum and angular momentum are conserved. Since photon may be absorbed or a new photon may be produced in such interactions, the number of photons may not be conserved....
“Matter is Energy… Energy is Light…We are all Light Beings” —Albert Einstein.
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Saturday, October 7, 2023
Story of X-Rays.
Story of X-Rays.
X-rays, like the light are electromagnetic radiations and are not visible to the eye. Their wavelengths are smaller than those of the visible light. They are high energy rays. That is why they have high penetrating power. They can pass through the flesh of our body. They travel with the velocity of light.
X-Rays image of the human hand.
These rays were discovered by Prof. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen in 1895. They are sometimes called 'Roentgen rays' also. They were called X-rays (X-means unknown) because these were not known earlier. For this wonderful discovery Prof. Roentgen was awarded the first Nobel Prize of Physics in 1901 .
Wavelength of the Electro-magnetic waves.
The apparatus used for producing X-rays is called 'X-rays tube'. This tube is made up of hard glass and is fitted with two electrodes which are connected to high voltage D.C. source. The electrode connected to the negative terminal is called cathode and the one connected to positive terminal is called anode. Low pressure is created inside the tube by pumping out air from it. When high voltage is applied between the electrodes, electrons emerge from the cathode and hit the 'anode' or the 'target'. As a result the X-rays come out of the tube.
X-rays are very useful for us. They can pass through substances like wood, paper, skin, flesh etc. but are absorbed by bones, iron,lead etc. Doctors make use of X-rays to detect the dislocations and fractures of bones. They are also used to examine the diseases of lungs and presence of stones in kidneys and gall bladder. X-rays are allowed to fall on the body part to be examined and a photograph is taken on the photo film kept behind that part. In this film the portion of bones appears grey. From these X-ray photographs, the disease and defects are located easily.
X-rays are also used in treating cancer. With the help of these rays, gold and other valuable gems hidden in the body are detected easily. They are also used to detect cracks and bubbles in the iron bars used for constructing bridges and buildings. They are used to study the structure of crystals. With these rays, it is very easy to distinguish between natural and synthetic diamonds.
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Sunday, October 1, 2023
What are Infra-red Radiations?
What are Infra-red Radiations?
We all know that the sunlight consists of all those colours which are seen in a rainbow. These colours are: violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red. Light from the sun travels in the form of waves which are known as electromagnetic waves. The different colours of light have different wavelengths. Our eyes are sensitive only to the wavelengths relating to the above seven colours. Apart from the wavelengths of these seven colours, the sunlight consists of radiations of other wavelengths also, but our eyes are not sensitive to them. Rays having wavelengths higher than that of red light are called infra-red rays and those lower than violet light are called ultraviolet rays. Both infra-red and ultraviolet rays are not visible to our eyes.
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Spectral Lines. |
Infra-red rays come not only from the sun but from every hot object. Burning wood and coal, electric heater-all produce these rays. These can be recorded on special type of photographic films made of infra-red sensitive materials. Whenever these rays fall on any material body they produce heat. They are very useful to us.
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Wavelength of Infrared Radiation. |
Infra-red radiations are being used for the treatment of several diseases. Special types of infra-red lamps are used for treating the pains of muscles and joints-especially for backpain. They are also used for heating rooms in winter.
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Animals Pictures taken under IR Camera. |
Infra-red radiations are being used for the guidance and control of missiles and other ballistic weapons. These radiations are also used for transmitting and receiving invisible signals. Molecular structures are studied with the help of these radiations. Impurities present in the materials can also be detected by these rays.
Light, The Visible Reminder of Invisible Light ---John Green---
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Thursday, September 28, 2023
Why Does Milk Appear in White Colour?
Why Does Milk Appear in White Colour?
Milk and curd looks white when we seen in the sunlight but they appears red in red light and blue in blue light. Have you ever wondered? Why its happens? If you don't know follow my blog page for more curious science thoughts.
We all know that the sunlight is a mixture of seven colours. There are: Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange & Red. The colours of the sun light can be separated with the help of a prism. The coloured an object depends upon the colour that reaches our eyes after reflection from the object.
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Colour of an objects depends upon the reflected light. |
What ever colour is reflected by the object, is the colour of the that object. The molecular structure of milk and curd is such that they do not absorb any of the colours of the sunlight but reflected all of them, Thus these substances appear white. When milk and curd are viewed in red light, they look red because red colour is reflected by them. The same argument holds good for the colours of the other objects also.
Colors! What A Deep And Mysterious Language, The Language Of Dreams. -Paul Gauguin.
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Why Light Bends by Gravity?
Introduction to General Relativity: The Equivalence Principle Einstein's theory of General Relativity builds on the Equivalence Principl...
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Story of X-Rays. X-rays, like the light are electromagnetic radiations and are not visible to the eye. Their wavelengths are smaller than ...
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💣 Scientist of the Manhattan Project complete the Atomic Bomb destined to end World War - II : In the Movie Oppenheimer shows the ...
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Radiation from black holes was the first example of a prediction that depended on both of the great theories of this century, general relati...
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Thomas Alva Edison is known as the inventor of the electric bulb. But prior to him, many other scientists had been working on manufacturing ...
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“ If we pick up a stone and then let it go, why does it fall to the ground? ” The usual answer to the question is: “ Because it is attract...