The Photoelectric Effect.

    A process known as the photoelectric effect occurs when a substance, usually a metal, absorbs enough light to cause electrons to be expelled from its surface. This phenomenon made a fundamental contribution to the advancement of contemporary physics and offered vital data in support of the quantum theory of light. 

Scientific Principles:

Photon Concept:

• Light consists of particles called photons, each carrying a discrete amount of energy determined by its frequency (E=hv), where "h" is Planck's constant and "v" is the frequency of the light.

Energy Threshold:

• For electrons to be ejected from a material, the energy of the incident photons must exceed a certain minimum value known as the work function (ϕ) of the material.

Electron Emission:

• When a photon hits the material, its energy is transferred to an electron. If the energy is greater than the work function, the electron is emitted from the surface with kinetic energy given by Ek=hv−ϕ.

Intensity Independence:

• The number of ejected electrons depends on the intensity of the light, but the energy of the ejected electrons depends only on the frequency of the incident light.

Historical Development

Heinrich Hertz (1887):

    While researching electromagnetic waves, the photoelectric effect was discovered. Hertz noted that sparks may jump across metal electrodes more readily in the presence of UV light, but he did not investigate the underlying mechanism.

Wilhelm Hallwachs (1888):

    It was discovered that a negatively charged zinc plate would lose its charge when light fell on it, offering preliminary proof for the photoelectric effect.

J.J Thomson (1899):

    Photoelectrically released electrons' charge-to-mass ratio was measured, and it was determined that these particles were identical to those seen in cathode rays.

Albert Einstein (1905):

    Used the quantum theory to provide a theoretical justification for the photoelectric effect. According to Einstein's theory, the energy of the quanta—later referred to as photons—in light is proportional to the frequency of the light. He was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for this achievement.

Robert Millikan (1916):

    Millikan's work, which involved precise tests to validate Einstein's theory, cleared the air for the linear relationship between the frequency of incident light and the kinetic energy of released electrons. Millikan was first sceptical of the hypothesis.

Impacts:

Quantum Theory of Light

    The photoelectric effect provided evidence in favour of the fundamental tenet of quantum mechanics—that light possesses both wave and particle characteristics.

Useful Applications:

   Numerous technologies, such as photovoltaic cells (solar panels), photomultiplier tubes, and photoelectron spectroscopy, rely on the principles underlying the photoelectric effect.

   One of the key ideas in comprehending how light and matter interact, bridging the gap between classical and quantum physics, is the photoelectric effect. 

The Brief History of The Sun.

The Sun:

The Sun is the star at the centre of our solar system. Its gravity holds the solar system together, keeping everything from the - biggest planets to the smallest bits of debris - in its orbit.

Heat and light are produced by nuclear events that occur deep beneath. In order to produce this energy, The Sun has been using four million tonnes of hydrogen fuel each second since its formation, or around 4.6 billion years ago.

Solar Flares:

A solar flare is a massive eruption that occurs on the Sun when energy that has been trapped in "twisted" magnetic fields- which are typically found above sunspots, Chromosphere -is suddenly released.

They may heat materials to millions of degrees in a matter of minutes, resulting in a burst of radiation that includes: radio waves, X-rays, and gamma rays.

Sun Spots:

Sunspots are areas where the magnetic field is about 2,500 times stronger than Earth's, much higher than anywhere else on the Sun. Because of the strong magnetic field, the magnetic pressure increases while the surrounding atmospheric pressure decreases.

This in turn lowers the temperature relative to its surroundings because the concentrated magnetic field inhibits the flow of hot, new gas from the Sun's interior to the surface.

Sunspots tends to occur in pairs that have magnetic fields pointing in opposite directions.

Why Sun Spots are Dark?

The sunspots are large concentrations of strong magnetic field. Some energy is partially prevented from passing through the surface by this magnetic field.

As a result, sunspots experience a lower surface temperature than other areas of the surface. It appears darker when the temperature is lower.

Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs):

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are large expulsions of plasma and magnetic field from the sun's atmosphere the corona.

Compared to solar flares bursts of electromagnetic radiation that travel at the speed of light, reaching Earth in just over 8 minutes.

Formation of CMEs:

The more explosive CMES generally begin when highly twisted magnetic field structures (flux ropes) contained in the Sun's lower corona become too stressed and realign into a less tense configuration - a process called magnetic reconnection.

Near Earth CMEs Effects:

Auroras:

The CMEs causes stunning light displays known as auroras, visible in the polar regions of the earth.

Geomagnetic Storms:

CMEs can cause significant disturbances in Earth's magnetosphere, leading to geomagnetic storms which are; Satellite Operations, Power Grids, Communication Systems.

Radiation Hazards:

It Increases radiation levels at high altitudes, especially near the poles.

Preventing & Monitoring:

SPACE WEATHER FORECASTING:

To provide early alerts of possible CMEs, organisations such as NASA and NOAA's Space Weather Prediction Centre (SWPC) track solar activity.

AID:

Continuous monitoring and improved prediction models are essential to prevent the bad impacts of CMEs.

How to Find the Sun Spots Area:

To find the area of sunspots, I use the manual formula to calculate the area of the sunspots.

As = ((Af x n) / cos (B) x cos (L))

Where,

As - Area of the sunspot,

Af - Area factor constant for the solar chart image (i.e., 63.66),

n - Number of grid sares occupying the sunspot,

B- Heliographic latitude,

L - Angular distance of the sunspot from the solar disk centre.

The physical unit for the calculated area is a millionth of a hemisphere (MHS). 

Solar Cycle:

About every 11 years, the Sun's magnetic field gradually changes polarity, a process known as the solar cycle. This reversal causes changes in solar activity.

The solar cycle has been observed and recorded since the mid-18th century, with the current cycle being Solar Cycle 25. 

 "Sun, in fact, is the center of the universe" -Nicolaus Copernicus. 

Nicolaus Copernicus's: Revolutionary the Mind

    On February 19, 1473, in Toruń, Poland, Nicolaus Copernicus—the man who dared to change the centre of the cosmos from Earth to the Sun—was born. Though his life was filled with many varied hobbies and endeavours outside of space exploration, his revolutionary work in astronomy permanently changed our knowledge of the universe.

    Copernicus was raised in a secure and intellectually stimulating atmosphere because his parents were merchants and clergy. Following his father's premature death, Lucas Watzenrode, his uncle, assumed responsibility for his upbringing and education. Prominent clergyman Watzenrode sent Copernicus to study at the University of Kraków in 1491 to make sure he had the greatest education possible. Here, Copernicus was introduced to the complexities of philosophy, astronomy, and mathematics, which stoked his interest in astronomical occurrences.

Copernicus.

    In order to further his education at the University of Bologna in Italy in 1496, Copernicus moved there and resided with the well-known astronomer Domenico Maria Novara. Copernicus's criticism of the geocentric model of the universe—which put Earth at its center—was greatly affected by this mentorship. He pursued further education at the University of Padua, where he studied law and medicine. Later, the University of Ferrara awarded him a doctorate in canon law.

    The widely accepted geocentric model promoted by Claudius Ptolemy was boldly replaced by Copernicus's heliocentric theory. For centuries the accepted wisdom in astronomy was the Ptolemaic system, with its intricate epicycles and deferents. In his more straightforward theory, Copernicus put the Sun at the centre of the cosmos, with Earth and the other planets revolving around it. In 1543, the year of his death, he released his ground-breaking treatise, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres), which laid forth his thesis.

    A heliocentric cosmos was not just a scientific theory; it was a significant departure from the previous worldview that was influenced by religious and scientific beliefs. Copernicus waited years to reveal his findings because he was worried about what might occur. When he did, many were curious about his views but also opposed to them. With the help of later scientists like Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei, the heliocentric theory took decades to become widely accepted.

    Although being mostly recognised for his contributions to astronomy, Copernicus was a true Renaissance man with a wide range of skills and passions. He oversaw the financial and administrative matters of the Frombork (formerly Frauenburg) cathedral chapter while serving as a canon. In addition to controlling the grain supply and keeping an eye on the finances, he also practiced medicine. His medical expertise was especially wanted during plague and other disease epidemics. In addition to his work in mathematics, Copernicus wrote a treatise on the value of money and the depreciation of currency. His understanding of the economy was predicted and reflects his wide-ranging intellectual interest.

Helio-Centric Model.

Astronomer and Artist: Copernicus was not only a skilled mathematician and scientist but also an amateur artist, producing illustrations of his astronomical theories in the form of drawings and diagrams.

Astronomical Tools: In order to make accurate observations of the sky, he built his own astronomical equipment, such as an armillary sphere and a triquetrum.

Delayed Fame: Copernicus's contributions took time to become well-known. His heliocentric concept was not fully understood until much later, thanks to the efforts of other astronomers and the invention of the telescope.

Deathbed Publication: It is reported that Copernicus saw the result of his life's labours before he passed away, as he was given a copy of his published De revolutionibus on his deathbed.

    The legacy of Nicolaus Copernicus is evidence of the value of curiosity and the courage to go against conventional wisdom. In addition to changing astronomy, his heliocentric theory cleared the path for the scientific revolution, which altered our understanding of the cosmos and our place in it. His biography serves as a reminder that genuine innovation often requires having the courage to see past conventional wisdom and journey into unknown spaces.

"To know that we know what we Know, and to know that we do not know what we do not know, Chat is true knowledge." -N. Copernicus.

Particle Nature of light: Einstein's Explanation.

 Particle Nature of light: Einstein's Explanation.

Einstein extended Planck's quantum concept to explain the photoelectric effect in 1905. According to Einstein, the energy in light is not spread out over wavefronts but is concentrated in small packets or energy quanta. Therefore, light (or any other electromagnetic waves) of frequency v from any source can be considered as a stream of quanta and the energy of each light quantum is given by E=hv.
[1] 

He also proposed that a quantum of light has linear momentum and the magnitude of that linear momentum is p=h/c. The individual light quantum of definite energy and momentum can be associated with a particle. can behave as a particle and this is called photon. Therefore, photon is nothing but particle manifestation of light.

Light is made up of particles called Photons.

Characteristics of photons:

According to particle nature of light, photons are the basic constituents of any radiation and possess the following characteristic properties:

i) The photons of light of frequency v and wavelength & will have energy, given by E=hv= hc/λ

ii) The energy of a photon is determined by the frequency of the radiation and not by its intensity and the intensity has no relation with the energy of the individual photons in the beam.

iii) The photons travel with the speed of light and its momentum is given by hhv P=h/λ =hv/c

iv) Since photons are electrically neutral, they are unaffected by electric and magnetic fields.

v) When a photon interacts with matter (photon-electron collision), the total energy, total linear momentum and angular momentum are conserved. Since photon may be absorbed or a new photon may be produced in such interactions, the number of photons may not be conserved.... 

“Matter is Energy… Energy is Light…We are all Light Beings” —Albert Einstein.

  

History of Cinema: Beyond Screens.

Cinema is the most widely acclaimed means of entertainment in the world today. It is a combination of various equipments, techniques and art which constitutes cinema. But the most important things needed to experience cinema are camera, film reel and a projector. "Wheel of life' or 'zoopraxiscope' was the first machine to show animated pictures. It was patented in 1867 by William Lincoln. In a zoopraxiscope, moving photographs were watched through a slit. 

Zoopraxiscope

"The cinema is an invention without a future." - Louis Lumière. The Lumiere brothers-Auguste and Louise - are credited for inventing the first motion picture camera in the year, 1895. But even prior to Lumiere brothers, many others had made similar inventions. Lumiere brothers  invented a portable motion-picture camera, film processing unit and a projector called the Cinematographe. Here, three functions were covered in one invention. 

Lumiere Brothers

Cinematographe

The first footage shot by Lumiere brothers was that of workers leaving the Lumiere factory.

Cinematographe or Cinematography brought a revolutionary change in the world of cinema and made motion pictures popular. Though, prior in 1891, the Edison Company came up with a kinetoscope which allowed to watch cinema one person at a time, Edison's vitascope (1896) was the first commercially successful projector in USA. 

Kinetoscope

A camera shoots an activity on a film roll, also known as a film negative. This film negative is then edited. An editor removes away unnecessary scenes by cutting away that portion of the film role. Then the edited film roll is processed in a lab with required effects. The final film footage is then mounted on a projector. A projector is a device which projects the film running on the film roll on a blank white screen with the help of light. There are two pulleys on a projector. The film reel is mounted on the first projector and is run through the first to the second projector with the help of a motor. 

Advertising of Edson's  Vitascope

The film reel passes between a magnifying lens and a light bulb. The lens increases the size of the image on the blank white screen.

Cinematography is an art form unique to motion pictures. Although the exposing of images on light-sensitive elements dates back to the early 19th century, motion pictures demanded a new form of photography and new aesthetic techniques. In the infancy of motion pictures, the cinematographer was usually also the director and the person physically handling the camera. As the art form and technology evolved, a separation between the director and the camera operator emerged. With the advent of artificial lighting and faster (more light sensitive) film stocks, in addition to technological advancements in optics and new techniques such as colour film and widescreen, the technical aspects of cinematography necessitated a specialist in that area. 

It was a key during the silent movie era no sound apart from background music, no dialogue the films depended on lighting, acting and set. 

In 1919, in Hollywood, the new motion picture capital of the world, one of the first (and still existing) trade societies was formed: the American Society of Cinematographers (ASC), which stood to recognise the cinematographer's contribution to the art and science of motion picture making. 

Films are made up of a series of individual images called frames. When these images are shown rapidly in succession, a viewer has the illusion that motion is occurring. The viewer cannot see the flickering between frames due to an effect known as persistence of vision, whereby the eye retains a visual image for a fraction of a second after the source has been removed. Viewers perceive motion due to a psychological effect called the beta movement. 

 

A Film Projector

CINEMA 4D is a 3D modelling, animation and rendering application developed by MAXON Computer GmbH of Friedrichsdorf, Germany. It is capable of procedural and polygonal/subd modelling, animating, lighting, texturing, rendering and common features found in 3d modelling applications.  

"IF A MILLION PEOPLE SEE MY MOVIE, I HOPE THEY SEE A MILLION DIFFERENT MOVIES."            ---QUENTIN TARANTINO--- 

QUENTIN TARANTINO. 

Story of X-Rays.

 X-rays, like the light are electromagnetic radiations and are not visible to the eye. Their wavelengths are smaller than those of the visible light. They are high energy rays. That is why they have high penetrating power. They can pass through the flesh of our body. They travel with the velocity of light. 

X-Rays image of the human hand.

These rays were discovered by Prof. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen in 1895. They are sometimes called 'Roentgen rays' also. They were called X-rays (X-means unknown) because these were not known earlier. For this wonderful discovery Prof. Roentgen was awarded the first Nobel Prize of Physics in 1901 .

Wavelength of the Electro-magnetic waves.

The apparatus used for producing X-rays is called 'X-rays tube'. This tube is made up of hard glass and is fitted with two electrodes which are connected to high voltage D.C. source. The electrode connected to the negative terminal is called cathode and the one connected to positive terminal is called anode. Low pressure is created inside the tube by pumping out air from it. When high voltage is applied between the electrodes, electrons emerge from the cathode and hit the 'anode' or the 'target'. As a result the X-rays come out of the tube. 

X-rays are very useful for us. They can pass through substances like wood, paper, skin, flesh etc. but are absorbed by bones, iron,lead etc. Doctors make use of X-rays to detect the dislocations and fractures of bones. They are also used to examine the diseases of lungs and presence of stones in kidneys and gall bladder. X-rays are allowed to fall on the body part to be examined and a photograph is taken on the photo film kept behind that part. In this film the portion of bones appears grey. From these X-ray photographs, the disease and defects are located easily. 

X-rays are also used in treating cancer. With the help of these rays, gold and other valuable gems hidden in the body are detected easily. They are also used to detect cracks and bubbles in the iron bars used for constructing bridges and buildings. They are used to study the structure of crystals. With these rays, it is very easy to distinguish between natural and synthetic diamonds.  

Discovery of Radium:

Radium is one the of the few elements that constantly emit invisible radiations. Such elements are called radioactive elements and the radiations they emits are called "radioactive" rays.

Radium Metal

 There are three types of radioactive rays-alpha, beta and gamma. Radium, due to the emission of the radioactive rays, disintegrates and finally gets converted into lead. Half of this radioactive element gets converted into lead in 1622 years. 

This is called the 'half life' of the radioactive element. In the next 1622 years, half of the remaining substance decays into lead. This process continues indefinitely. The radioactive rays are so powerful that they can pass through different kinds of substances including the human body. These rays are very useful in the treatment of cancer. Do you know who discovered radium?

Marie Curie 

All the credit of the discovery of radium goes to a married couple, Pierre Curie and Marie Curie. The story of its discovery is very interesting.

In 1896 Henri Becquerel discovered the phenomenon of radioactivity. He found that the uranium emits a kind of invisible radiations which are even more powerful than the X-rays. Pierre Curie and Marie Curie, in 1898, also found that thorium also emits similar radiations. They also thought that pitchblende, which is the ore of uranium, must contain some other radioactive substance too. 

 They started refining pitchblende in order to obtain the new radioactive element. They had to work in a tin-shed because they could not afford a proper laboratory on account of limited means. Without caring for rains and storms, they worked day and night Finally, they succeeded in extracting 100 milligrams of radium from several tons of pitchblende. They found that this new element was much more powerful than uranium.

Pure radium is white in colour. It is quite heavy and thousands of times costlier than gold. The quantity of pure radium available in the world is very small. Radioactive rays are very harmful to the body. If handled carelessly its radioactive rays can wound the body. So be careful guys. 

"Nuclear Power Is One Hell Of A Way To Boil Water" - Albert Einstein.

The Four Fundamental Forces in Physics.

 The Four Fundamental Forces in Physics.

There are four fundamental forces in physics:

They are Gravitational, Electromagnetic, Strong Nuclear and Weak Nuclear forces.

The Four Fundamental Forces in Physics.

Gravitational Force:

Gravitational force is a force between two masses and it is universal in nature. Our planets are bound to the sun through gravitational force of the sun. We are in the earth because of Earth's gravitational attraction on our body.

Electromagnetic Force:

Electromagnetic force is a force between two charges, and We are standing on the earth's surface because of the Electromagnetic force between atoms of the surface of the earth with atoms in our feet.

Strong Nuclear Force:

The force between two nucleons, there exists a strong nuclear force and this force is responsible for stability of nucleus. Strong Nuclear force holds the protons and neutrons together in the nucleus of an atom. The atoms in our body are stable is due to strong nuclear force. 

Weak Nuclear Force:

Weak force is even shorter in the range than the strong nuclear force. During the fusion of hydrogen into helium in the sun, neutrinos and enormous radiations are produced through weak force.

" A Physicist is just an atom's way of looking itself " 

                   --Niels Bohr-- 

Rutherford's Alpha Particles Scattered with Scattering Angle

 Rutherford's Alpha Particles Scattered with Scattering Angle.

In 1911, Geiger and Marsden did the experiment based on the Rutherford's scattering alpha particles by gold foil.

A source of Alpha particles are kept inside a thick lead box with with a hole. The alpha particles coming through the hole made of lead box pass through another hole made on the lead screen. These particles are now allowed to fall on a thin gold foil and it is observed that the alpha particles passing through gold foil are scattered through different angles. A movable screen (from 0° to 180°) which is made up of zinc sulphide (ZnS) is kept on the other side of the gold foil to collect the scattered alpha particles. Whenever alpha particles strike the screen, a flash of light is observed which can be seen through a microscope. 

Rutherford's Alpha Particles Scattered with Scattering Angle 

Rutherford proposed an atom model based on the results of the alpha scattering experiment. In this experiment alpha particles were allowed to fall on the atoms of a metallic gold foil.

(a) Most of the alpha particles were un-deflected through the gold foil and went straight.

(b) Some of the alpha particles were deflected through a small angle.

(c) A few alpha particles (one in thousand) were deflected through the angle more than 90°.

(d) Very few alpha particles returned back (back scattered) - that is, deflected back by 180°.

" An alleged scientific discovery has no merit unless it can be explained to a barmaid. " 

                                          ---Ernest Rutherford--- 

Astronauts Living In Space.

 Astronauts Living In Space : 

A bed on the wall, baby wipes for a wash, footholds, and edible  toothpaste! Life on the space station is very different from life on earth.  

 

Life in Space Station. 

Ordinary Days :

                                             Astronauts need to do everything that you do. They eat, exercise, sleep, work, and play, but they have to do all these things in a home without the gravity

Astronaut Chris Hanfield in Space.

.      

New Arrivals :

                                          When astronauts arrive at a space station, they bring supplies with them. Imagine trying to unpack your suitcase when you are floating. some astronauts suffer temporary hearing problems after living on a space station, this is because the necessary air filters, fans, and pumps make it very noisy.          

Keeping Healthy :

                                                   Astronaut's muscles don't work very hard in micro gravity, so they quickly lose strength, so astronauts exercise for about two hours a day. This athlete completed a marathon on the International Space Station treadmill.  

     

Astronaut on Treadmill.

   

Time for Work :

                                             Experienced scientists regularly jion the astronauts in the space station to carry out a variety of experiments and record the results.  

 

Astronaut in space station.

A Tasty Food :

                                          Food is supplied in sealed packets and some of it is dehydrated. That means that water has to be added before the food can be eaten.   

 Nutritional Food for Astronauts. 

Time for Bed :

                                Most of the crew use sleeping bags, which have to be strapped to the walls of the space station. The bag holds astronauts' arms in place. Otherwise they would float above their head.   

Bed for Astronauts.

     

They like to keep clean, like us !

                                                                                         Astronauts use combs and toothbrushes, and toothpaste. But the toothpaste doesn't froth, and gets swallowed. Wet wipes are useful for a speedy wash...  

      

Bathing in Space.

Showering in Space Station.

" Building One Space Station For Everyone Was And Is Insane: We Should Have Built A Dozen. "  

                                                                    ---Larry Niven.---           

      

The Space Stations

The Space stations :  

                                           Imagine living 380 km ( 235 miles ) above everybody eise, experiencing a sunrise every 45 minutes, sending your cloths to burned up in the atmosphere rather than  washed, and having no floor or ceiling. welcome to Space Station.  

ISS (International Space Station)

A Quick History :

                 The first space station was launched in 1971. Since then a number of stations have orbited Earth. The International Space  Station ( ISS ) , has been built by 16 nations working together. The  largest space station ever built, it's been occupied since 2000 . 

ISS launched in 1971 

 

First Ideas : 

                        Ideas for the space stations existed a long time before they became reality . In the 1950s, a 76 metre ( 250 ft )  - wide wheel-shaped design  ( like in the Interstellar ) was proposed by space scientist Wernher Von Braun .  

 

Wernher Von Braun

What is Space station : 

                                   It's a space laboratory that orbits Earth, operated by the crews of astronauts who take turns crew stays for several months. Occasionally, an astronaut  has stayed a whole year! , The solar panels are used to power the space station.   

Body Parts of International Space Station 

Some of the Space Station :

                                              Salyut 1 : Launched in 1971 and in orbit for 175 days.

                                           Salyut 7 : Launched in 1982 and in orbit for 3,216 days.

                                          Skylab :  Launched in May 1973 by the USA. It burned up in 1979.

                                          Mir : Built in space by the Soviet Union, beginning in 1986. It fell into the atmosphere in march 2001.     

                       

“ Building one space station for everyone was and is insane: we should have built a dozen. ”

                           ______Larry Niven.______       

 

    

Journey To The Moon

MOON JOURNEY  :  

During the 1960s there was a race between the USA and the former Soviet Union to put a man on the moon. The USA landed the first man on the moon with APOLLO 11 in 1969.     

Apollo 11's mission crew members (1969).
Left side -  Commander Neil Armstrong ; Middle - Command module Michael Collins ; Right side - Lunar module pilot Buzz Aldrin.  

What was Apollo 11 ?  

                                       🌕  Apollo 11 was made up of three modules, or parts: the tiny command module, the service module, and the lunar module.Apollo 11 mission reached the moon because of a huge rocket called SATURN V. Most of SATURN V contained the fuel needed to blast it into space. 

The  Journey Plan for the Moon Landing {1969}.  

                  🌕 Three astronauts sat in a tiny capsule at the top of the rocket. The service module contained the power and life-support systems. The three astronauts worked and slept in the command  module. And the Mission commander Neil Armstrong struggled to find a flat landing site. He succeeded with just seconds to spare. 

   

The Body Parts of Saturn V's that was carried the Lunar Module called Eagle.  

The Eagle has landed : 

                                           🌕  The lunar module ( the part of apollo 11 that landed ) was also known as the Eagle.It touched down on the moon on 20 July, 1969.  

Lunar Module named Eagle.  

The Different Stages of Apollo 11 Mission : 

                                                                                           🚀  STAGE 1 :  Five F1 engines blast the SATURN V rocket into space from the Kennedy Space Center.  

                                     🚀  STAGE 2 : The rocket's engines fire to set the craft on a course to the moon. 

                                     🚀  STAGE 3 : The command and service modules separate from the rocket and perform a 180° turn.   

                                     🚀 STAGE 4 :  The command and service modules reattach to the lunar module, which is still connected to the rocket.  

                                     🚀 STAGE 5 :  The rest of the rocket is discarded while the commanded, service, and lunar modules  continue to the moon.  

                                     🚀  STAGE 6 :  The journey has taken 102 hours, 45 minutes. The lunar module is ready to land.  

                                     🚀  STAGE 7 :  The command and service modules orbit the moon ( one astronaut remains on board ) while the lunar module lands. Two astronauts walk on the moon.    

                                     🚀  STAGE 8 :  The lunar module joins the command and service modules so the two lunar astronauts can climb through. The lunar module is then abandoned.   

                                     🚀  STAGE 9 :  The service module is ejected before re-entry into Earth's atmosphere.    

                                     🚀  STAGE 10 :  The command module is the only part of the mission to return to Earth.

   

Stages of Moon Landing Mission. 

   "  THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF LIFE ARE CONNECTED IN THE MOST INTIMATE WAY WITH THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE STARS .  "   

                     ______ CARL SAGAN. ______