Short Story of Moon Landing 1969. ( was it conspiracy, theories.)

 Men On The Moon:

🌕  On 20 July 1969, Neil Armstrong became the first person to walk on the Surface of the moon. He was joined by Buzz Aldrin. A third astronaut, Mike Collins, remained in orbit with the command and service modules.

Neil Armstrong on the Moon.

🌕  What was it Like:

                                     Buzz Aldrin described the moon's Surface as like nothing on Earth. He said it consists of a fine, talcum - powder - like dust, strewn with pebbles and rocks.

 

Surface of the Moon in Apollo 11 mission.

     

                                     Why is there no blue sky on the moon?   — Because the Moon has no atmosphere.

🌕   What did they do there: 

                                        Armstrong and Aldrin spent almost 22 hours on the moon. About 2.5 hours of this was spent outside the Eagle, collecting rock and soil samples, setting up experiments, and taking pictures.

The Lunar module was nicknamed as the Eagle.

🌕   How did they talk ? 

                                      There's no air in space, so sound has nothing to travel through. Lunar astronauts use radio equipment in their helmets.

🌕    Here comes Earth: 

                                 Instead of the moon rising, the astronaut saw Earth rising over the moon's horizon — it looked four times bigger than the moon looks from Earth.

Earth rising over the moon's Surface.

🌕    We have Transport  !

                                    Three later Apollo missions each carried a small electric car, a lunar rover, which allowed the astronauts to explore away from the lander. These were left on the moon when the astronaut left.

Transport over one lunar rover reached a top speed of 22km/h (13.5 mph). 

🌕    Splashdown to Earth:

                                      The astronaut returned to Earth in the Apollo 11 command module. This fell through the atmosphere and landed in the Pacific Ocean. A ringed float helped to keep it stable.

Apollo 11 mission command module landed in the Pacific Ocean.

              

                                             Sounds that so weird :  The lunar module computer on Apollo 11 had just 71 K of memory. Some calculators can now store more than 500 K of memory.        

" That's One Small Step for man, One Giant Leap for mankind. "

                                                             ———  Neil Armstrong  ———      

The Short Story Of Atomic Bomb with Oppenheimer. { Manhattan Project }

 💣  Scientist of the Manhattan Project complete the Atomic Bomb destined to end World War - II :     

In the Movie Oppenheimer shows the Atomic Bomb Explosion.
 ( By Director "Christopher Nolan" ).   

💣  During World War the United States used an unprecedented $2 billion to feed an ultra-secret research and development program, the outcome of which would alter the relationships of nations forever Known as the Manhattan Project, it was the search by the United States and her closest allies to create a practical atomic bomb: a single device capable of mass destruction, the threat of which alone could be powerful enough to end the war.   

" Trinity Test " Atomic Bomb explosion effect.

  

💣  The motivation was simple. Scientists escaping the Nazi regime had revealed that research in Germany had confirmed the theoretical viability of atomic bombs in 1939, in support of their fears that the Nazis might now be developing such a weapon, Albert Einstein and others wrote to President Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) warning of the need for atomic research By 1941 FDR had authorized formal, coordinated scientific research into such a device. Among those whose efforts would ultimately unleash the power of the atom was Robert Oppenheimer (1904-1967), who was appointed the project's scientific director in 1942. Under his direction the famous laboratories at Los Alamos would be constructed and the scientific team assembled.  

Albert Einstein And Robert Oppenheimer ( 1947).

Robert Oppenheimer in Manhattan Project {Theoretical Physicist}.

💣  An atomic bomb initiates a nuclear chain reaction, thereby releasing truly vast amounts of energy. An initial problem was the production of enough "enriched" uranium to sustain such a reaction Instrumental in the solution was Italian physicist " Enrico Fermi "in a former squash court under Chicago University, he and other scientists created the first ever controlled, self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction. The project ultimately created the first, man-made nuclear explosion, which Oppenheimer called " Trinity ", at Alamagordo, New Mexico, on July 16, 1945...  

      

Mushroom like Structure of the Atomic Bomb Blast, Trinity Test, Alamagordo, New Mexico,on July 16, 1945{ Manhattan Project } By Oppenheimer.   

 💥  " The Atomic Bomb Made The Prospect Of Future War Unendurable. It Had Led Us Up Those Last Few Steps To The Mountain Pass; And Beyond There Is A Different Country. "

                                      ———— J. Robert Oppenheimer. ———— 💣       

The Story of Rabies Vaccine

Rabies Vaccine, as the name suggests, is a vaccination used to prevent and control rabies disease in humans and animals. Rabies occurs everywhere and kills at least 55,000 people per year. The Rabies Virus was not seen through a microscope until 1950s.

                        Rabies Vaccine.

🌕 Rabies-The Disease:

                                        ⚽ Rabies is an infectious disease caused by rabies virus. The rabies virus is a RNA virus which affects the brain and spinal cord, in short the central nervous system, of humans as well as of animals. The virus travels from nerve cells to the  brain, it multiplies in number and causes destruction of brain cells which causes death. The infection might become deadly if not treated well before the symptoms appear.

🌕 Structure of the Rabies Virus:

                                       ⚽ The Rabies Virus generally attack animals like: dogs, bats, skunks, foxes, monkey, raccoons, etc. It is through these animals that the diseases gets spread in human beings. 

               Rabies Virus in Human Cells.

           Structure of Rabies Virus.

                                       ⚽ As it is a communicable disease, the rabies virus spread through animal's saliva or brain tissues. Mostly, it gets transmitted to human beings through dog bite. Rabies virus attacks the nervous system and the person starts having: fever and fatigue hallucinations, agitation, seizures, then finally coma and death. In animals, the symptoms usually are irritation, agitation and aggressive behaviour.

 Symptoms of Rabies Virus affection in human beings.

🌕 Louis Pasteur and Émile Roux:

                                       ⚽ Prior to the discovery of the rabies vaccine, every rabid-case would result in death. In 1888, two French Scientists, Louis Pasteur  and Emile Roux  developed the first rabies vaccine. 

Right side - Louis Pasteur ; Left side - Émile Roux.

                                       ⚽ Pasteur, unlike his many colleagues, did not follow the theory that  “ disease come from nowhere ”. His main focus of work was to determine the causes behind various diseases. 

🌕 The Cure of Rabies:

                                        ⚽ The rabies vaccine was made up of a sample of virus cultivated from infected and death rabbit. The sample was weakened by allowing it to dry for a few days.

          Pasteur did the experiment in dogs.

                                       ⚽ Pasteur observed that while transmitting rabies virus from one rabbit to another, the healthy rabbit did not become as sick as the first one. This meant that the rabies virus was weakening and injecting the healthy rabbit with the weak virus which which gave immunity to the healthy rabbit. 

       Louis Pasteur used two rabbits for his Rabies vaccine Reasearch.

                   

                                      ⚽ The rabies vaccine was first used on a  nine-year-old Joseph Meister on July 6, 1885, who had been bitten by a rabid dog. He was the first human being to be vaccinated by rabies vaccine...  

                        Joseph Meister.   

" I Only Wish I'd Invented The Rabies Vaccine Before My Dog, Old Yeller, Got Sick."

                                       — Louis Pasteur.  

Intersting Story of Airplane

An Airplane is the fastest means of transportation commercially today.

Prior to airplanes, air travel was limited to gliders, hot air balloons, etc. But these were not successful commercially.

Since the advent of the air travel, many attempts have been made for manufacturing an effecient and affordable means of air transportation. With the invention of a power propelled aircraft, the commercial scope of air travel has been met efficiently.

✈️ The Wright Brothers:

                                           💡 In the year, 1903, Wright Brothers, Orville and Wilbur demonstrated the first ever airplane with a propeller. It was the first aircraft carrying a man, Propelled by a machine which flew by its own power at an even speed and descended down without any damage. In the commercial sense, it was the basic design of an aircraft which would change the course of high speed transportation in the modern world.

             Wright Brothers ( Orville And Wilbur ).

                                           💡 The Wright Brothers started with building and testing gliders. In the year 1900, they tested their new biplane glider weighing 50 pounds. Next year, they flew the largest glider ever but this one also faced problems.

    Patent awarded to Wright Brothers's Airplane. 

                                           💡  They conducted some tests and based on them, Wright Brothers thought of building powered aircraft.

                                           💡 Their first airplane was named “ Flyer ” which had a 12 horsepower engine.

               Wright Brothers's Airplane.( Orville piloted the first airplane ).

                                            💡 After this airplane invention of Wright Brothers, inventors started improving on these models.

✈️ Working of an Airplane:

                                               💡 An Airplane flies on the basis of four things - thrust, drag, weight and lift. A propeller helps the plane to move forward with a high speed. This is called thrust. But the air in the atmosphere opposes the speed of the plane. This is called drag. Thus in order to move forward, thrust must be greater than drag. 

   

          Simple Mechanism of an Airplane.

                                               💡 Now, to move upwards in the sky, the plane needs to have a lift which can overcome the barrier of the plane's  weight. For this purpose, wings are used.

          Way of an Airplane Flying with Wings. 

                                               💡 Airplane wings are curved from top and linear from below. Thus, air moves faster on top of wing and slower below. This lifts the plane up in the air. The wings help in changing the direction of the plane by rolling on either side.  By lifting up the nose, the pitch of the plane can be raised. The pitch of the plane means to climb up or descend down.

          Lifting Mechanism Of an Airplane.

     

                                               💡 An Airplane's “ blackbox ” is a device which records Conditions and events on an air vessels. A “ blackbox ” is actually orange in color to make it more visible in the wreckage. The term black box might come from its charred appearance after an airplane crash.

            Mechanism of Blackbox in an Aircraft.

                                           

                                               💡 The outer skin of an airplane is only 5 mm thick. During takeoff, when full of high pressure air, the take-off weight is increased by about a ton...  

“ When Everything Seems To Be Going Against You, Remember That The Airplane Takes Off Against The Wind, Not With It. ”

                                        — Henry Ford.   

        

Story of Fountain Pen

The first practical fountain pen was patented by Lewis E. Waterman in year, 1884.

                    Lewis E. Waterman 

The first American patent for a pen was received by a shoemaker Peregrin Williamson in 1809. Following this, in 1819, John Scheffer received a British patent for his pen which was half quill and half metal pen.

                               A Quill Pen.

However, the first self - filling fountain pen was patented by John Jacob Parker in the year, 1831. But all these fountain pens had a huge drawback — that of ink spills. This made the mass sale of these fountain pens very low.

             Parts in Fountain Pen Nib.

♦ Fountain Pen:

                              ♣ The Fountain Pen made by a Frenchman, M.Bion in the year, 1702 is the oldest pen to survive.

            

                               ♣ The early attempts at making a pen were inspired by the working of a feather quill.

      Caplliary action in Fountain Pen.

                                ♣ The first quills were made up of bird's feathers. A feather has a hollow channel through which the ink gets sucked up and get stored in it. But it is a natural object and a man-made pen on similar lines was incapable of holding the ink for long . A long, thin rubber reservoir attached to a metal nib and filled with ink was not a good option.

                   M.Bion Pen's Nib.

                                 ♣ Also, Lewis Waterman , who was an insurance salesman, had to cancel an important sales contact with leaky pens to start work on improving his fountain pen 🖋️

      Patent awarded to Waterman (1884).

♦ Mechanism of a Fountain Pen:

                                 ♣ A fountain pen has three parts: a nib, a feed ( black part under the nib ) and a barrel. The nib comes in contact with paper. The feed regulates the ink flow from the reservoir to the nib. The round barrel, holding the nib and feed on the writing end encases the ink reservoir. Lewis Waterman thought of adding an air hole in the nib and three grooves inside the feed.

                    Parts Of Fountain Pen.

                                  ♣ Fountain pens have an internal reservoir of ink. Different pens had different concepts of filling the reservoirs. Earlier pens used droppers to fill ink. By 1915, most pens were equipped by self-filling ink reservoir made of rubber. The reservoir were squeezed flat and then the nib was inserted in the ink bottle. The pressure on the reservoir was released and the nib would then suck up the ink to fill the empty reservoir.

       Nib and Feed of the Fountain Pen.

♦ The Coin Filler:

                                 Developed by Lewis Waterman in an attempt to complete with the winning lever filler patent belonging to Sheaffer, it is a slot in the barrel of the pen enabled a coin to deflate the internal pressure plate, a similar idea to the matchstick filler...

   The Coin Filler by Waterman's Fountain                    Pen.

“ There are a thousand thoughts lying within a man that he does not know till he takes up a pen to write 🖋️ ” 

             — William Makepeace Thackeray. 

Penicillin

Penicillin is the world's one of the first antibiotic to be discovered. It is derived from a mold called penicillium. Discovery of penicillin pioneered a historic start in the field of antibiotics.

                               Penicillin

Before the discovery of penicillin, there were no cures for diseases like pneumonia, gonorrhea, rheumatic fever, etc. Antibiotics are compounds produced by bacteria, fungi, and other microscopic species to counterattack other species.

                               Bacteria 

♦ Alexander Fleming: ( 1881 - 1955 )

                                        ♥ Alexander Fleming was a Professor of Bacteriology at St. Mary's Hospital in London. He discovered Penicillin in 1928. As a professor of bacteriology, Fleming studied different types of bacteria. 

                       Alexander Fleming 

                                        ♥ Once, he was studying some bacteria which cause sore throats, boils, etc. He found that in one dish there is a blob of mold. Studying it futher, he found out that mold secreted some kind of substance which killed the bacteria surrounding it. Thus, he observed that mold had some kind of substance which reduces the growth of infection causing bacteria.

              Penicillin Blob of Mold in Dish 

                                         ♥  Later, penicillium research shifted to Oxford University. In 1940, Howard Florey, a scientist at Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, observed that Penicillin can protect mice from death - causing bacteria infection.

                              Howard Florey 

♦ Production Of Penicillin:

                                                 💡 A process of producing large quantity of penicillium mold was found out. Air was pumped into deep vats of corn steep liquor ( a byproduct of milling process ). To this , other key ingredients were mixed which resulted in faster growth of penicillin in large amount.

                                                💡 However, it was a small amount of penicillin found in a moldy cantaloupe in a Peoria market which was used for mass production of the antibiotic.

               Penicillin Chemical Structure 

♦ Side effects of penicillin:

                                                  ♠ Diarrhoea that is watery or bloody.

                                                  ♠ Fever, chills, body aches, flu symptoms.

                                                  ♠ Easy bruising or bleeding, unusual weakness.

                                                  ♠ Urinating less than usual or not at all.

                                                  ♠ Severe skin rashes, itching, or peeling.

                                                  ♠ Agitation, confusion, unusual thoughts or behaviour.

                                                   ♠ Seizure ( black-outs or convulsions ).      

♦ Do You Known:

                                 The development of Penicillin has been regarded as an International Historical Chemical Landmark by The American Chemical Society and The Royal Society Of Chemistry, on November 19, 1999...  

   

“  I did not invent penicillin. Nature did that. I only discovered it by accident. ”

                                           —Alexander Fleming.  

  

Electric Bulb

Thomas Alva Edison is known as the inventor of the electric bulb. But prior to him, many other scientists had been working on manufacturing a reliable source of electric lighting.

                      Edison's Electric Bulb 

♥ In 1800, Humphry Davy, an English scientist, made the first electric light. He made an electric battery and to that battery, he attached a piece of carbon with a wire.

            Davy's Glass bulb with carbon filament 

 When the connection was made, the piece of carbon glowed and produced light. It was called an “ Electric Arc ”.

                                Electric Arc 

♥ In 1860, Sir Joseph Wilson Swan, an English physicist, made an electric lamp with a carbon paper filament. It was demonstrated in Newcastle, England. It was not a practical lamp as the filament burnt out very quickly. 

                        Swan's Electric Bulb 

♦ Thomas Alva Edison:

                                          Edison, an American inventor, experimented with hundreds of filaments before turning back to the carbon filament . In 1879, 

He discovered that a carbon filament burns for a long time vacuum. But it did not last longer than 40 hours. Eventually, he made a carbon filament bulb that could light for over 1500 hours.

♦ Working of a Bulb:

                                      ♠ A bulb is a glass sphere with a coiled filament attached to the base with connecting wires. This filament has a high resistance to electric current. When the current reaches the filament, due to resistance, heat is produced. This heat becomes so much that the filament starts to glow because of it, thus, giving off light.

                 Working Of Electric Glass Bulb 💡

                                       ♠ The most difficult task before Edison was to find a filament which would:

Have resistance and glow brightly; Be cheap so that bulbs could be mass produced; Last for a long period of time.

                                       ♠ The shape of a glass bulb was designed by Matthew Evans and Henry Woodward...  

     Right side - Matthew Evans ; Left side - Henry                             Woodward.  

 “ I Have Not Failed.I've Just Found 10,000 Ways That Won't Work. ”  

                               — Thomas Alva Edison.